Jean Piaget Essay - 1593 Words

Jean Piaget was a major contributor to the world of psychology and sociology that we know today. His works and discoveries still help sociologist determine and figure out ways people in society interact and develop throughout time. Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 and was raised in Neuchà ¢tel, Switzerland (Boeree n.d.). His family was very influential to his success. His father was a historian that authored many writings on the medieval times, and his mother was very intellectual and kind, however, she had a mental health problem that pushed Piaget to become interested in psychology (Presnell 1999). He became an enthused and determined scholar at a young age. Piaget’s early interests were of zoology (Jean Piaget n.d.). At age eleven, he†¦show more content†¦Piaget worked in a psychiatric lab in Zurich for a year where he studied the thoughts of Jung and Freud. Piaget also started teaching psychology in 1919 in Paris. This is where he started doing studies of intell igence testing with Simon-Benet Fame. Piaget felt that the â€Å"right-wrong† ways of intelligence testing was an unreliable source; instead he started interviewing school boys. He used psychiatric techniques to learn about adolescence reasoning (Boeree n.d.). Piaget researched in many places, such as, the Jean-Jacques Rousseau Institute of Geneva in 1921 where he studied the mental capabilities of an infant in the first two years of life. This is where he would write and publish his first works on children phycology. During this time he met his soon to be wife, Valentine Chatenay. After his success of his first five books, in 1925 Piaget started teaching psychology at Neuchatel University (Presnell 1999). During this time he would become a father of two daughters and a son. He would use them as observational studies as they grew up (Boeree n.d.). Piaget continued to study and teach at numerous places, such as, Lausanne and Paris (Jean Piaget Biography n.d.). He ended up wri ting over sixty books and articles during his long career. Piaget past away in Geneva, Switzerland on the 16th of September 1980, over fifty years of excellent research that will shape the world of psychology and sociology for years to come (Boeree n.d.). Through Jean Piaget’s longShow MoreRelatedjean piaget1284 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Jean Piaget Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980) was employed at the Binet Institute in the 1920s, where his job was to develop French versions of questions on English intelligence tests. He became intrigued with the reasons children gave for their wrong answers on the questions that required logical thinking. He believed that these incorrect answers revealed important differences between the thinking of adults and children. Piaget (1936) was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitiveRead MoreJean Piaget775 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget was a theorist who studied child development; one of the many aspects of early childhood Piaget studied was preoperational thinking. Preoperational thinking usually occurs from ages 2 through 7 according to Piaget. It’s when a child is not able to think logically and perform activities that require logic. In other words, a child is not yet ready at this stage, to reason many situations. Piaget created many experiments that could help educators observe and detect the stages and levelsRead MoreJean Piagets Theory1170 Words   |  5 Pagesthat of Jean Piaget and his theories on the cognitive development stages. Jean Piaget was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland, where he studied at the university and received a doctorate in biology at the age of 22. Following college he became very interested in psychology and began to research and studies of the subject. With his research Piaget created a broad theoretical system for the development of cognitive abilities. His work, in this way, was much like that of Sigmund Freud, but Piaget emphasizedRead More Jean Piaget Essay2046 Words   |  9 PagesJean Piaget Introduction Now known as one of the trailblazers of developmental psychology, Jean Piaget initially worked in a wide range of fields. Early in his career Piaget studied the human biological processes. These processes intrigued Piaget so much that he began to study the realm of human knowledge. From this study he was determined to uncover the secrets of cognitive growth in humans. Jean Piaget’s research on the growth of the human mind eventually lead to the formation of theRead MoreJean Piaget Essay403 Words   |  2 PagesJean Piaget  · He was famous for working out a universal sequence of stages of cognitive development  · Notable for his idea that children (and adults) are continually generating theories about the external world  · He set out stages for when certain new aspects of generating theories; 1. Sensorimotor stage: which occurs from birth to age two (Children experience through their senses) 2. PreoperationalRead MoreJean Piaget And Lawrence Kohlberg892 Words   |  4 PagesAs you aged, did you ever notice that your understanding of right and wrong principles changed? According to psychologists Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg it should have. Individually the two psychologists have made remarkable discoveries on how children develop and use their moral development. Jean Piaget, grew up in Switzerland in the late 1890’s and early 1900’s with his father, who was a dedicated historian. Around Paget’s early twenties he had the privilege of working with many influentialRead MoreJean Piaget And Marie Montessori1124 Words   |  5 Pagesbiography of Jean Piaget and Marie Montessori. In addition to a biography it compares and contrast the two educators. One was more focused on the development of children, while the other specialized in the way children learn. They both were crucial components in the development of how teachers and professors educate their students regardless of their age. There are many people that have made a great impact on education throughout history. Two of the more prominent educators are Jean Piaget and MarieRead MoreEssay on The Theories of Jean Piaget752 Words   |  4 PagesThe Theories of Jean Piaget This essay is about Jean Piagets theory. Piagets theory has two main strands: first, an account of the mechanisms by which cognitive development takes place; and second, an account of the four main stages of cognitive development through which children pass. Piaget suggested that there are four main stages in the cognitive development of children. In the first two years, children pass through a sensory-motor stage during which they progressRead MorePsychology: Jean Piaget Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget, a cognitivist, believed children progressed through a series of four key stages of cognitive development. These four major stages, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational, are marked by shifts in how people understand the world. Although the stages correspond with an approximate age, Piaget’s stages are flexible in that as long as the child is ready they are able to reach a stage. In kindergarten, many of the stages of both sensorimotor and preoperationalRead MoreJean Piaget And Albert Bandura946 Words   |  4 Pageswould be Jean Piaget and Albert Bandura and how their theories fit into the developmental process. Both are great contributors to the field of psychology due to their theories on cognitive development. There are some similarities and differences between Albert Bandura’s Social learning theori es with Piaget’s cognitive theory in term of ideas and subjects that were used. Jean Piagets was one of the most recognized and influential developmental psychologist in the 20th century. Jean Piaget was born

The Code Of Ethics And The Law Of The Public Health,...

Engineering is a vastly renowned and studied field, stemming from the rise of empires. This field has such a wide area of study that there is no one engineer in the same, all are professionals in their own field. In each one of these fields, there is a certain code of ethics that must be lived and maintained, by the engineer themselves. There are lists of the different ethics models, but to list a few: there is Rule-Based Utilitarianism, Duty Ethics, Rights Ethics, Virtue Ethics, and the NCEES ethical code. All of these individual codes clearly states, and sets guidelines for the engineers to follow and live by. These ethics set the standard and obligations that engineers and their partners have to their clients, society, and themselves. According to the National Society of Professional Engineers, â€Å" the services provided by engineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity, and must be dedicated to the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare† (NSPE, 2015). This means that engineers need to work towards providing all customers, including society as a whole, the best work and proficient product they possibly can. To ensure that each project they work on is working correctly, they must properly test and design said product, to shed light on any future issues they may encounter. Essentially, these different ethical codes help to ensure that the quality of work engineers output is up to par, and in the best interest of everyoneShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of A Civil Engineer795 Words   |  4 Pagesto the public as they should in any other places .so a person who can be swayed by political corruption and bribery, shouldn t be involved with any activates, Now if ASCE prepare to the r eport card, the ratings given could be changed to reflect the need of the economic situation. In case lower rating will be more jobs available to workforce .If rating are higher few jobs will be needed for infrastructure development. The primary concern of a civil engineer should always be the safety, health, andRead MoreCode of Ethics1610 Words   |  7 PagesShannon Whalen September 11, 2010 Course 213 Section 2W2 Section 1: Nursing Code of Ethics Provision 1. The nurse, in all professional relationships, practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems. Provision 2. The nurse’s primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual, family, group, or community. ProvisionRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Ethics912 Words   |  4 Pagesessential for the organization to have a strong code of ethics to ensure all employees understand the ethical expectations of the organization. The code acts as a guide for employees to ensure they apply ethical decision making in the workplace. As the manager you will play an essential role in disseminating this information to employees as well as ensuring they are in compliance with the code. Employees must understand the consequences of failing to uphold the code and the importance of reporting ethicalRead MoreCode Of Ethics : Nursing Values And Ethical Responsibilities1602 Words   |  7 PagesI. CODE OF ETHICS IN NURSING There are seven primary fundamental values in the code of ethics for registered Nurses These values are entitled as â€Å"Nursing values and Ethical Responsibilities.† (Centennial Edition, 2008) ï  ¶ Nursing Values and Ethical Responsibilities 1) Providing Care Nurses should be able to provide safe, skilled and proficient, solicitous care to the patients. The relation between the nurse and the patient. 2) Promoting Health and Well-Being Nurses should be enable to work withRead MoreSample Resume : Professional Ethics Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesZealand Diploma in Engineering (NZDE) 115.610 ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT Essay on Professional Ethics By Se Zhang 130012461 â€Æ' Introduction Ethics by definition are defined as a set of moral rules of conduct that are accepted by general public and should be obeyed by everyone. Ethics are essential to the architecture of a modern dynamic society and play a vital part in engineering or any other businesses. Ethics provide guidance to humans to pursue a course of action correctively in specific situationsRead MoreCase Analysis : Megan s Law1592 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study 7.11 Megan’s Law Ethical Problem Definition When prisoners who committed violent or sexual crimes are let out of prison there must be a decision made as to whether the prisoners’ status should be disclosed to the community or not (Rothman, 2011). The social worker in this case has an ethical responsibility to the clients’ well-being as well as to as to the welfare of society. The social worker needs to make a decision that will have the least amount of harm caused to the individual andRead MoreCode of Ethics for Nurses Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pages American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics for Nurses Ethics is an integral part of the foundation of nursing. Nursing has a distinguished history of concern for the welfare of the sick, injured, and vulnerable and for social justice. This concern is embodied in the provision of nursing care to individuals and the community. Nursing encompasses the prevention of illness, the alleviation of suffering, and the protection, promotion, and restoration of health in the care of individuals, familiesRead MoreThe Ethics And Ethics Of The United Army Corps Of Engineers1186 Words   |  5 Pagesissue that can entice engineers to break the code (â€Å"Gifts and Bribes†, 2006). Unfortunately this was the case for a former manager of the Army Corps of Engineers whose greed caused him to break the ethical canons to â€Å"avoid deceptive acts†, to â€Å"conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, and lawfully as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession†, and finally to â€Å"hold paramount the safety, he alth and welfare of the public† (â€Å"Code of Ethics†). His misconduct is an example of the unethicalRead MoreResearch Ethics : Animal And Clinical Research1188 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Ethics: Animal and Clinical Research When it comes to clinical research, many people think of clinical trials, but that’s only merely a small portion of a process towards a medical development involving a process call bench to the bedside. Clinical research outline scientific investigation involving animal or human subjects helping translate basic research into new treatments that would be valuable to patients. Clinical trials can contain a variety of research under the departments of physiologyRead MorePatient Confidentiality Essay926 Words   |  4 PagesDougherty, 2010). According to the American Nurses Association (ANA) code of ethics â€Å"the nurse has a duty to maintain confidentiality of all patient information† (Nursing world, p.6). Also, when a patient confidentiality is violated the nurse may risk their safety and welfare. There are a few exceptions to this obligation such as: an increase need to protect the patient and other parties or mandatory laws that protect public health (Nursing world, 2012).          The dilemma disclosed in the article

History of IKEA free essay sample

IKEA was founded by Ingvar Kamprad in 1943 as a mostly mail-order sales business. It began to sell furniture five years later. The first Mà ¶bel-IKÉA store was opened in Älmhult, Smà ¥land, in 1958 (Mà ¶bel means furniture in Swedish). How It Was Expanded? The first stores outside Sweden were opened in Norway (1963) and Denmark (1969). The stores spread to other parts of Europe in the 1970s, with the first store outside Scandinavia opening in Switzerland (1973), followed by West Germany (1974).Amid a high level of success, the companys West German executives accidentally opened a store in Konstanz in 1973 instead of Koblenz. Later that decade, stores opened in other parts of the world, such as Japan (1974), Australia, Canada, Hong Kong (1975), and Singapore (1978). IKEA further expanded in the 1980s, opening stores in countries such as France and Spain (1981), Belgium (1984) the United States (1985), the United Kingdom (1987), and Italy (1989). The company later expanded into more countries in the 1990s and 2000s. We will write a custom essay sample on History of IKEA or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Germany, with 50 stores, is IKEAs biggest market, followed by the United States, with 46 stores. At the end of the 2009 financial year, the IKEA group operated 267 stores in 25 countries. The first IKEA store in Latin America opened on 17 February 2010 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. As of July 2013, the companys presence in developing countries remains minimal. The worlds five largest IKEA stores are:1. Gwangmyeong, Gyeonggi, South Korea:2. Stockholm Kungens Kurva, Sweden:3. Shanghai Baoshan, China:4. Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea:5. Shanghai Pudong Beicai, China: List of countries with IKEA stores IKEA has 400 stores around the world. Among the countries that have double-digit IKEA stores are:†¢ Canada†¢ China†¢ Australia†¢ France†¢ Germany†¢ Italy†¢ Netherlands†¢ Russia†¢ Saudi Arabia†¢ Spain†¢ Sweden†¢ United Kingdom†¢ United States†¢ Romania(Source: www.Ikea.com) What it sells? †¢ IKEA is a privately-held, international home products retailer.†¢ It sells low-price products, including furniture, bathrooms and kitchen accessories.†¢ The customer has to assemble many of the products.†¢ 355 stores in 29 IKEA group countries (mostly Europe) only 30 stores are run by franchisees outside of the Ingka Holding.†¢ Ikea website contains about 12000 products in 2006 there were 260 million visitors to its website†¢ Employs 104,000 people (2006).

Sample Case Brief Essay Example

Sample Case Brief Paper Kathryn Myrick Business Law 1 Professor McDonnell Case Brief A. 5 Braun v. Soldier of Fortune Magazine Inc. , 968 F. 2d 1110 (11th Cir. 1992) FACTS:In 1985 Michael Savage placed an ad in the Soldier of Fortune Magazine (â€Å"SOF†) advertising â€Å"Gun For Hire†. The ad ran from June 1985 to March 1986 generating an average of 30-40 call per week for jobs ranging from murder, kidnapping, assault and other criminal activity. After three previous failed attempts on his business partner Richard Braun’s life by Bruce Gastwirth , he contacted and hired Savage to commit the murder of Braun. Savage along with associates John Moore and Sean Doutre went to Braun’s home to carry out the act shot and killed Braun in front of his sixteen year old son Michael Braun who was also shot and wounded by the assailants. Michael and Ian Braun filed a lawsuit against â€Å"SOF† magazine alleging negligence. ISSUE(S): (1) Did Soldier of Fortune Magazine negligently advertised the ad breaching the duty of care? 2) Did SOF Magazine know of the potential risks by placing the ad in the magazine? (3) Did the ad contribute to the proximate cause of the murder of Richard Braun? HOLDING: The district court’s assertion that the publisher is liable for damages and negligently placed an advertisement that was apparent for substantial danger and potentially harmful to the public. The trial court’s langu age of the advertisement was the proximate cause of Braun’s injuries that he sustained. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Case Brief specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Case Brief specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Case Brief specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer RULE OF LAW: To prevail in an action for negligence in Georgia a party must establish the following elements: (1) Legal duty to conform to a standard of conduct raised by the law for the protection of others against unreasonable risks of harm. (2) A breach of this standard. (3) A legally attributable causal connection between the conduct and the resulting injury (4) Some loss or damage flowing to the Plaintiff’s legally protected interest as a result of the alleged breach of the legal duty. CONCLUSION: The court AFFIRMS the district court’s judgment.

Creditors to Space Rocketry essays

Creditors to Space Rocketry essays Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky was born in September, 1857 in the town of Izhevskoye, Spassk District, Ryazan Gubernia. On the merits of some of his early research and related writings, Tsiolkovsky was elected to the Society of Physics and Chemistry at St. Petersburg, Russia. On March 28, 1883 Tsiolkovsky demonstrated the reaction principle through experimenting with opening a cask filled with compressed gas. He discovered that movement of the cask could be regulated by alternating the pressure of the gas released from it. Tsiolkovsky completed a draft of his first design of a reaction thrust motor on August 25, 1898. The following year, he received a grant of 470 rubles from the Academy of Science's Physics and Mathematics Department to engage in research. This work was dedicated to the establishment of scientific principles, so no actual motors were developed. In 1903, his first article on rocketry appeared in the "Naootchnoye Obozreniye" (Scientific Review). The article was entitled "Issledovanie Mirovykh Prostransty Reaktivnymi Priborami" (Exploration Of Space With Rocket Devices). In the article, Tsiolkovsky clearly outlined in scientific terms exactly how a reaction thrust motor could demonstrate Newton's Third Law to allow men to escape the bounds of Earth. Also in 1903, Tsiolkovsky drafted the design of his first rocket. It was to be powered by a combination of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, which would create an explosive mixture at the narrow end of a tube. Burning of the fuels would produce condensed and heated gases. The gases would then be quickly cooled and rarefied at the wider end of the tube, located at the tail of the rocket. The resulting exhaust, escaping from a nozzle, would provide lift-off thrust at a relatively high velocity. This design was indeed prophetic, especially when consideration is given to the fact that liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen have traditionally be...

How to Connect with Book Clubs

How to Connect with Book Clubs It can be difficult to find sources that allow authors access to book clubs. Clubs often like to choose their own books. So what’s an author to do if she doesn’t have a Top 5 publisher promoting her to clubs? Here are a few proven options that use a variety of methods and budgets to reach book clubs, plus free tips if you can’t afford the cost. For Book Club Lists: Where Writers Win Shari Stauch is CEO and creator of an online marketing site for emerging writers,  Where Writers Win. The site puts authors in charge of their own marketing for a reasonable annual fee. â€Å"Winner Circle is a place where you can find a list of vetted book clubs that you may approach and pitch your book as a book club selection.† The clubs on this site are up to date and open to pitches, and a template for querying clubs is provided. Writers such as William Lobb and J.C. Sasser have used it successfully. Both were picked up Stauch is offering a discount: $20 off the first year of membership; use code VIPW20 to pay $39.95. Visit  https://writerswin.com/join-today/  to sign up/access these book club lists. And This Free Tip:  Use Twitter and Goodreads to find book club bloggers, and check in at local libraries to see if they host book clubs. Some bookstores do as well. For Book Club Giveaways and Outreach: BookClubCookbook Since 2004,  BookClubCookbook.com  has been connecting fiction and nonfiction authors and publishers with thousands of devoted book discussion group members. I used them in 2010 and spoke to several book clubs that contacted me after finding the book on the site. They’ve grown exponentially since then. â€Å"It’s a loyal community of book lovers sharing books, recipes, and ideas to spice up book club discussions. . . . . Our promotions highlight messages from authors, book tours, book club speaking availability, and offer giveaways. We also provide author recipes and book club menu ideas, and are happy to help authors select or develop recipes to accompany their promotions,† writes cofounder Judy Gelman. See opportunities for authors and publishers. For children’s, MG, and YA authors, see the KidsBookClubbing. And This Free Tip:  Include contact information on your website specifically soliciting book clubs; join Skype for long distance interviews/talks. For Book Club Advertising: AuthorBuzz For me, AuthorBuzz was invaluable for putting me directly in touch with readers, increasing my mailing list Bookmovement advertises giveaways and new releases and provides reading guides and book lists to clubs. Contact either  AuthorBuzz.com  or  KidsBuzz.com  to start your promotional package. Packages can be customized, but the basic price for reaching this large number of book clubs is $750 for â€Å"BookClubbing.† Pricey, but this site has repeat customers and has launched many bestsellers. Note KidsBuzz has lower advertising rates. See kids pricing page.   And This Free Tip:  Posting on YouTube is free. Upload a video of you reading an excerpt and include a pitch to book clubs. Finally, be sure to develop a Reader’s Guide you can upload to your site or put at the back of the book, never be pushy when contacting clubs directly, and send thank you’s if you are selected or interviewed.

Medication Errors Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medication Errors - Term Paper Example Whereas medication errors could occur in any given clinical setting, the emergency room presents an even higher risk for medication errors. This follows the fact that ER has unpredictable experiences and is fast-paced. In fact, of the adverse cases reported, 3% occurred in the ER, with medication errors occurring twice as much in ER as compared to inpatient setting (Ehsani et al., 2013). Furthermore, over 75% of visits to the ER entail the administration or prescription of medications, with the US recording over 210 million medication encounters in the ER annually (Dabaghzadeh et al., 2013). With this elevated risk, it would be important to find appropriate solutions for medication errors in ER.A multidisciplinary approach should be undertaken to curb medication errors in ER, coupled with systems-related changes. The national database would provide appropriate data to identify the trend and nature of medication errors and thus assist members to identify and undertake appropriate prev entive measures. Some of these measures as documented by Anderson and Townsend (2010) and FDA (2013) include computerized order entry systems, bar-coding systems, standardizing processes of medication use and automated dispensing cabinets among others. Even with these propositions, I believe that curbing medication errors entails the development of an appropriate culture that would promote the reporting of medication errors and non-punitive and systematic error elimination approaches.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of UK participation in single Research Proposal

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of UK participation in single currency euro .will the British business be better or worse off if u decides to participate - Research Proposal Example After establishing the rough draft, it was proof read to see where it was lacking. After identifying the lack in the draft, further evidence and research work was added to authenticate each word and to ensure that the words are meaningful, and depict research and analysis. Again the draft was formulated, again read, revised and the process was conducted a few times, and finally when it was felt that the final version is ready, it was proof read a final time, before adding reference list, in text citations, appendices, etc. I then gave it to a mentor for a check to ensure things were all correct. A few issues were identified which were resolved then and there only. Finally, the work was ready to be submitted. It took me a good 3 days to complete the work and ensure that it was completed.

Hope Leslie Paper Essay Example for Free

Hope Leslie Paper Essay In Catharine Sedgwick’s novel, Hope Leslie, Magawisca is one of the Main female characters and she runs into many hardships in the book. Magawisca is the daughter of well known Indian chief Mononotto but is separated from her father and her tribe when they are all attacked. After Magawisca and her brother’s mother dies the children get sent to work at the home of the Fletchers an English family. Magawisca gets caught in the middle of two cultures when she is raised by an English family but knows of her original culture, Magawisca responds well and helps the reader understand how big the cultural gap is in the 1600s. Magawisca’s tribe, the Pequots, are attacked by the English and when Magawisca, her brother Oneco and their mother escape they travel to a new city. When Magawisca and Oneco’s mother dies the two kids are sent to Mr. Fletchers home to be Indian servants. After living with the Fletcher family for a while Magawisca’s father, Mononotto, appears at the Fletchers abode. With the feeling that the Fletchers have captured his son and daughter, Mononotto kills all of the Fletchers but one much against Magawisca’s protest. Magawisca begs and pleads against her father’s actions but does no good, she wants to save what is considered her family for a short but meaningful amount of time but doesn’t want to go against her father’s will. Magawisca is thrown into a very hard situation but handles everything calmly and maturely. She is stuck between two cultures that despise each other but she ends up with her tribe the Pequot’s for a long time. In a time of need Magawisca still helps the one remaining Fletcher child by risking her own limb to protect part of her â€Å"family†. Towards the end of the book Magawisca has taken both sides, the English and the Pequot’s and that pays off. When Magawisca is captured by the English the remaining Fletcher child puts his own safety in danger to help save Magawisca. Magawisca never broke down or really chose sides but she is in fact always there for both of her â€Å"tribes†. This book was places in the 1600’s and Magawisca’s predicament really helps the readers understand the cultural gap between The Indians and The English.  The hatred between the two cultures is so large that they destroy each other. Magawisca shows the line between the Indian tribes and the English where as she isn’t fully accepted in either culture. For spending time with the English I’m sure some members of the Pequots find her as a trader and for originating and being known as a Pequot she is never truly accepted by the English. Although Magawisca gets caught in the middle of two cultures when she is raised by an English family, Magawisca responds well and helps the reader understand how big the cultural gap is. Without Magawisca really drawing the line between the two cultures the readers wouldn’t have gotten a full picture of how big the division between the two cultures are. Magawisca is really a main character because of the bond she shares with both cultures.

Personal Narrative - Bicycle Crash Essay -- Personal Narrative

Personal Narrative- Bicycle Crash I used to bike often with my friend Juan in my hometown of Aguascalientes, Mexico. In the narrow streets, a heavy flow of traffic make biking treacherous. Certain streets have traffic signs saying, "CEDA EL PASO A UN VEHICULO" which means "Let one vehicle go through at a time." I biked on the right side of the street and my friend Juan biked on the left side. On our trip to buy tamales Juan and I were supposed to cross an intersection with a "CEDA EL PASO A UN VEHICULO" sign. As we approached the intersection, I gleamed my chance to cross at the same time as the car in front of me. Since Juan and I were racing to cross the intersection, I sped up to reach the red vehicle. As I crossed the intersection I failed to see an approaching blue car on my ...

Bodyshop Brand and Branding Essay

1.Brand Overview The Body Shop is famously known for its ethical approach to business, fair trade, 100% vegetarian products and being against animal testing (thebodyshop.co.uk, n.d.). The company believes in following their five core values which are: to support community fair trade – using small medium sized suppliers, defend human rights – create an awareness of domestic dispute and child abuse, against animal testing, activate self-esteem – looking after their customers and their employees and lastly protecting the planet – reducing CO2 levels, electricity, gas and water (thebodyshop.co.uk, n.d). The Body Shop has also created their own charity, The Body Shop foundation that was launched in 1990, emphasising on their 5 core values. 1.1. Brand History Anita Roddick, a human rights activist and environmentalist founded the company in the United Kingdom in 1976. The first store was opened in Brighton; the store was on a small scale and only sold 25 different products. A spirit of environmental friendliness dominated the brand by encouraging its customers to recycle; this philosophy would remain its motto till present (thebodyshop.co.uk, n.d.). The Body Shop experienced rapid growth early on and its first overseas store was introduced in Belgium in 1978, by 1982 its growth increased to a rate of two stores opening per month. In 1984 the company entered the stock market and its shares grew in value at a very high rate, being nicknamed â€Å"The shares that defy gravity† (Entine J, 2007). In 1985 the company sponsored posters for Greenpeace, starting its own campaign â€Å"save the wale† a year later also for Greenpeace. In 1990 The Body Shop Foundation was introduced that funded human rights and environmental groups (The Body Shop International plc, 2012). These activities went to further establish its reputation as an environmentally conscious company, already cemented by its prohibition of animal testing on its products and successfully making animal testing illegal in the UK in 1998. By 1990 the company first opened in the United States, it had already expanded to 39 countries and had 2500 applications for a franchise. In 1994 the company launched its direct selling section, The Body Shop at home, expanding to other territories in later years. In 2006 the company was purchased by L’Oreal for  £652.3 million, the company was no longer independent, but managed to maintain its operation independently from the company. (The Body Shop International plc, 2012). 1.2.Product category The Body Shop sells a collection of 900 natural beauty products with the â€Å"inspired by nature† slogan (The Body Shop, n.d.). The Body Shop has a range of products, meeting various demands of customers. Products, which make up this range for women are, skincare, make-up, hair products, fragrance and body care, i.e. body butters. Men’s products consist of body care, skincare, fragrance, shaving and deodorant. The following report will be focusing on The Body Shop’s body butter, as some may regard the brand for being most famous for there body butters. The product category, which most suits The Body Shop as a brand, is health and beauty. A reason why The Body Shop gained such huge success in the health and beauty market since it began could be the reasoning of 100% vegetarian products that are free from animal testing (thebodyshop.co.uk, n.d). Other products, which are included in their portfolio, are seasonal products, for example, winter make-up products and limited addition Christmas body butters which carry fragrances such as ginger and cranberry. The brands online store indicates that the body butters are among their ‘best sellers’ (thebodyshop.co.uk, n.d). The Body Shop is classified as a high street retailer rather than a luxury brand retailer locating their stores in town centers, along with other high street retailers in beauty and cosmetics such as Boots, Superdrug and The perfume Shop. Competitors that pose a direct threat to The Body Shop are brands that promote environmental values such as, Origins, L’Occitane, Space, Molton Brown and Lush. 2.Brand Owning Organization The Body Shop was sold to L’Oreal in 2006 for an estimated sum of  £625 million (BBC, 2007), The Body Shop would directly work with the chairman of L’Oreal himself. Annual financial reports and forecasts would be presented as part of the L’Oreal annual reports alongside other businesses that the company owns. By L’Oreal having ownership of The Body Shop it has questioned the brands identity on the basis of their values, and this has affected the performance of The Body Shop which has been evidenced in L’Oreal’s 2012 annual report, In June The Body Shop had a total of 2,781 stores across the world; this had consisted of stores operating in Western Europe, North America and new markets (loreal-finance.com, 2012). Looking into the sales that The Body Shop have made in 2012, in the first half of 2012 they had made â‚ ¬373.9 million, however in the second half they have performed substantially lower that previous, totaling to â‚ ¬193.5 million (loreal-finance.com, 2012). The operating Profit of The Body Shop has come to a total sum of â‚ ¬11.6 million in 2012 (loreal-finance.com, 2012). Having shown the overall financial performance of The Body Shop from the previous year to the present, The Body Shop has shown some indication of lack of performance with a decreased sum of sales and profits. 3. Brand Value Proposition The Body Shop’s strategy has remained intact since the L’Oreal take over in 2006; unexpectedly considering L’Oreal is not associated with strong natural credentials. The Body Shop adopts a multi channel strategy which spans across stores, online and direct selling, prides itself on being â€Å"Green† and has five core values, against animal testing, using community fair trade, to activate self-esteem, defend human rights and protect the planet (thebodyshop.co.uk, n.d.). The Body Shop’s customers are more biased to women and to the under 25’s and the 45 – 54’s, who seek natural and healthy products. (Mintel.co.uk, 2008) Body care products such as the famous Body Butters are promoted to give functional benefits such as 24-hour hydration, leaving skin softer and smoother and providing a scent for the skin. Benefits of using their products on an emotional level could be your input to helping the environment, supporting communities in third world countries, moisturizing your skin with natural ingredients, which are good for the skin, and the idea of using a product, which is more exclusive than a brand such as Nivea. The overall perceived brand value of The Body Shop however differs from their brand identity, if you consider The Body Shop’s competitor Origins, they use potent plants, organic ingredients and 100% natural oils (Origins.co.uk, n.d.). L’Occitane uses ingredients sourced from local farming communities and sustainable development programs and uses packaging materials, which are the least polluting or already recycled (L’Occitane.com, n.d.). Lush’s green message seems ingrained in everything the company does, reflected in the minimizing packaging (Guardian.co.uk, 2011). This research shows that the body shop is not doing anything its competitors aren’t, the packaging the company uses is not recycled and the products are not as natural as they make out with artificial smelling scents and packaging which has not previously been recycled. The body shop is an established brand, being the first company to introduce fair trade to the beauty industry and prohibit testing on animals and has retained many of its loyal customers. The Body Shop doesn’t undertake huge advertising campaigns and promotions are narrowed to the retail outlets and online. The Body Shop’s essence or aura could be defined as beauty with a heart; they pride themselves on their values being at the heart of everything they do. (Bodyshop.co.uk, n.d.) The word ‘ethical’ would describe what The Body Shop stands for as it represents the brands values and identity. 4. Brand Communications Audit The Body Shop in relation to its body butter product line currently makes use of a number of communications channels, which are both internal and external in nature. The audit will now list the key communications with an indication of the detailed considerations underpinning the methods used: Corporate Website * The main internal communication for the body butter range may be seen as the corporate website. Here the communications are aimed at driving web-based sales as well as providing product information to both external customers and internal staff. Key information includes the features and benefits of the product; ingredients used and tips to maximising the benefits of the product. The website also allows customers to communicate with one another sharing reviews and tips. In addition, the website also features a number of key marketing â€Å"campaigns† which are aimed at driving awareness of the brands ethical values and policies as opposed to sales revenue. (thebodyshop.co.uk, n.d). Social Media Communications * One of the core communications to be used by The Body Shop in recent years is those, which take place through social media communication channels. In this case The Body Shop makes use of four major channels including Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Tumbler. Product communities launched within Facebook have provided significant communications of the brands underlying values associated with ethical sourcing and production. In addition, the method also encourages electronic word of mouth communications (EWOM) to take place (Belch and Belch, 2012), with consumers being able to share reviews and information about key product lines such as the body butter range. In this case, again the communications method used may be seen as adopting an integrated approach to communications (Yeshin, 2006) with social media channels being linked to the company’s website and vice versa. Television Advertising * To date, Body Shop has maintained a policy of minimising television advertising, partly due to the underlying beliefs of the founder of the business who believed that such advertising came into conflict with the ethical message of the brand (Rusch, 2012, Marketing Week, 2010). This may however be an element, which changes in the future since the acquisition of the Body Shop on the behalf of L’Oreal, a company that uses significant levels of television advertising. Key communication campaigns have seen the use of an integrated approach to marketing with the use of a mixture of in store advertising material and outdoor printed materials such as poster hoardings and billboards. Such communications mix was adopted in the recent â€Å"love your body† campaign, which aimed to tap into the public debate on the issue of female self esteem and the perception of the physical body. In this case, the underlying message was designed to encourage consumers to enjoy life regardless of physical appearance (Thumped, 2012). 5. Product Category Audit The table above shows the market value sales of body care within UK. As you can see from the chart above the market for body care has declined since 2010 and a further decrease is expected in 2012 by 2.1%, which makes it  £326m equal to 2009 figures (Mintel, 2011). However the prediction for the market is bright as you can see the sale figures are due to increase by 2017 reaching  £346million. The weakening sales of the body care market could be due to difficult economy and slowing of spending, it also seems as though consumers would substitute spending on body care for beauty products seen as more essential such as facial care, hair care and especially make up (Mintel, 2012). The Body shop is a specialist cosmetic and toiletries brand and the market share for body shop within this market is 6.4% which makes them fourth largest within the market behind Superdrug, The Perfume Shop and Savers H&B. The Body shop is not only a body care brand, so within the 6.4% of the market share they offer many different kinds of products such as hair care, facial care, fragrances and more. The latest method The Body Shop used in an aim to increase their market share was partnering with Sephora in order to increase brand awareness within the market. (Mintel, 2011) Since L’Oreal took over The Body Shop as a brand, it has shown no growth within the market, suggesting L’Oreal fails to show any devotion to make The Body Shop a leading or major player within the health and beauty market. The Lily Cole Cruelty Free Makeup Collection is one of the latest developments of The Body Shop, which they are hoping can give them an edge over their competitors. The Body Shop has also recently introduced a loyalty card scheme in order to maintain their competitiveness in the market. The increase in ethical consumerism has resulted in rising environmentally friendly brands entering market; therefore customers are expecting more from companies who are ethical. The change that may affect the market in coming years is technology because companies such as Boots are already adapting to the changes for example a â€Å"Click and Collect† where the customer can purchase a product online and collect it from a store of there choice free of charge (Boots.co.uk,n.d.).

An Effective Strategy Negotiation

Crouching behind a tight cordon of panda cars, the weather-beaten SWAT team leader, complete with cap, bulletproof vest and loud-hailer, looks up to the third-floor window, clears his throat, and announces: ‘You might as well give yourself up, Kowalski, we've got the place surrounded. ‘ His craggy face is bathed in the soft amber glow of the street light and a small bead of sweat moves slowly down his temple. Kowalski, a wily old stager with deep pockmarks and a broken nose, is having none of it. After all, he has the (rather attractive blonde) hostage securely tied up and there happens to be a fridge full of beer in the office he's holed up in. So it's a complete stalemate. Kowalski and his nemesis are simply going to have to start negotiating. In this case, negotiation is more likely to be resolved in a bloody shoot-out. In the workplace, of course, negotiations generally don't tend to be conducted under such tense or dangerous circumstances. They do, however, take place on a daily, even hourly, basis. In fact, they have become such a regular and ingrained part of working life that participants can readily enter into them without even realising that's what they're doing. Before we proceed, it is probably worth defining our terms, or at least borrowing a definition from personnel consultant Alan Fowler's book, Negotiating, Persuading and Influencing. Fowler explains that ‘negotiation occurs whenever there is an issue that cannot be resolved by one person acting alone; it occurs when the two (or more) people who have to be involved begin with different views on how to proceed, or have different aims for the outcome. There are two situations in which negotiation does not or cannot occur: when one of the persons immediately agrees to what the Other is asking or suggesting; and when one of the two adamantly refuses to even discuss the matter. ‘ You can see that the term covers a multitude of scenarios, from the widely reported collective pay-bargaining conducted by union officials and management representatives, to the more mundane business of negotiating a lease on a property or a supplier's contract. Negotiation is also a key component in inter-office relationships, in instances where managers have no linear authority over a particular colleague but need to persuade them to perform a specific task. Here, the negotiation is a tacit IOU- you've done me a favour, so I'll return it at a later date when you might need it. ‘Managers are doing it all the time,' confirms Roger Moores, an associate of the Industrial Society, who runs courses in negotiation and associated skills. ‘I usually start my courses by asking how many of the people there are negotiators. Not many hands go up but, by the end of the session, they realise they do it all the time. We use the language of negotiation all the time too. It's a language that even children understand, based on the words â€Å"if† and â€Å"then†. â€Å"If you do this for me, then I'll do that. † In theory, it's all wonderfully simple. ‘ Scores of self-help and how-to books have been written on the subject but the theorists by and large fall into two camps. There are experts, such as authors Fowler and Gavin Kennedy, who look at negotiation as a stage-by-stage process, comprising preparation, discussion, proposal, bargaining and finally closing. And then there's the American model, epitomised by the seminal text, Getting to Yes by William Ury, which is more focused on personal relations within the workplace. As Moores rightly points out, the two approaches are by no means mutually exclusive. Though representative bodies such as the Institute of Personnel and Development and the Industrial Society offer dedicated courses on negotiation skills, the majority of managers in small to medium-sized businesses don't have the time or inclination to attend them. A few common-sense pointers, however, go a long way. The first is to recognise when it is actually appropriate to negotiate. ‘If managers negotiated everything, there wouldn't be time to do anything,' reasons Moores. â€Å"There are occasions when orders and dictatorship are required too. ‘ If a matter or issue is definitely worth negotiating, the next step is toassess its merits and how much time you can afford to devote to it. According to all the various pundits, the key to successful negotiation is all in the preparation. They insist that skills and techniques are generally acquired through practice and experience, and that preparatory work and patience will generally stand you in better stead than the gift of the gab or an aggressive stance. There is no point walking into an important negotiation session hoping to wing it. ‘Some people are naturally better [at negotiating] than others,' says Fowler. ‘It requires a certain amount of quick thinking and ability to respond quickly. You also need the confidence to be able to say â€Å"Look, you've raised something new. Can we adjourn this meeting and continue tomorrow, by which time I'll have been able to gather my thoughts? † It's important to know your own style and be comfortable with it. If you're stepping too far outside of yourself, you can end up seeming artificial. ‘ Yet Chris Grice, an assistant director of ACAS, the conciliation and arbitration service which has dragged countless industrial relations negotiations back from the brink, believes negotiation skills are more about nurture than nature. ‘There's a question as to whether negotiating is an art or a science,' he says. You can be taught good negotiation, so I'd say it's a science†¦ Being taught how to mix colours doesn't make you an artist. You can learn about negotiation strategy, how to read a situation, when the tune is right to confront an issue and when to apply a variety of different processes. Preparation is an often neglected area. If you're negotiating about pay, for example, you should be aware of the going rate, affordability and any other interested parties before you go in. You need to be able to anticipate the other party's moves. ‘ While Grice admits that some of the negotiations he is called in to rbitrate are conducted in what he – with admirable understatement – describes as an ‘adversarial atmosphere' (potentially explosive in other words), he reckons that overall he has witnessed as much civility as hostility. This, he believes, is because most of the participants at this level of negotiation tend to be astute practitioners, who realise that prickliness and emotional involvement will only hamper their efforts. ‘Some of the best negotiators are mild-mannered but persuasive people,' says Grice. ‘They know exactly where they want to be and realise they can get there in a civilised manner. After all, you've got more in your toolbox than a hammer. ‘ One problem often leads to another. A manager may feel it necessary to cut overtime. The employees are unhappy and threaten industrial action but the manager should avoid the immediate reaction to sack the ringleader. By doing so, the manager would have two problems to cope with instead of one. It is important to keep one topic in focus at a time. An ‘easy does it' ethos is especially important in small to medium-sized businesses, which rely on establishing and maintaining an ongoing network of reliable suppliers and subcontractors. If parties leave a negotiation feeling hard done by, the relationship is unlikely to be sustainable for any length of time. ‘The main point is to make the person you're negotiating with think that they have achieved the best deal possible,' says Frank Kings, managing director of Sovereign Contracts, a Midlands-based shop-fitting concern, whose clients include IBM, SmithKline Beecham and Warwick University. ‘I'm always looking for repeat business, so negotiation is as much about building a long-term relationship as striking the best deal at that particular moment. One should always try to take a longer-term view. ‘ Susan Croft, a trainer at the Aziz Corporation, which specialises in spoken-communication skills training for business, shares Kings' views. Negotiations, she maintains, are not necessarily confrontational, just a necessary means of ensuring that two or more parties are satisfied with their lot. ‘In a â€Å"win-lose† situation, you may have won the battle but not the long-term war,' Croft says. ‘You don't want the person you're negotiating with to be checking for their arms and legs on the way out. ‘ A degree of emotional detachment is a must. Losing your cool may mean losing the thread and the advantage. Concentration is also essential. The best negotiators are good listeners and observers too. By keeping your eyes and ears open, you can pick up valuable clues as to where the other side is prepared to compromise or where there are flaws in their argument, which you can exploit later. If you are so utterly determined to put across your own points, you may not hear what the other side is saying. Their position may have changed and your initial standpoint may no longer be relevant or valid. Similarly, the other party should not be given too many hints. It is worth keeping your cards close to your chest in a negotiation. Don't give away more information than you have to. Release nuggets sporadically and tactically when you feel they will make the most impact. Be aware of your body language because you might be revealing more than you think through your movements and mannerisms. If you look hard enough and think laterally, there are usually ways and means of clinching a mutually beneficial deal through negotiation. Phil Jones, managing director of Real Time, the London-based interactive design studio, recalls two recent instances where new clients wanted to launch internet web sites but didn't have the requisite budgets. They were the type of high-profile clients and creatively challenging projects that Real Time was keen to get involved in, however. ‘If it's a job you really want to do, you can always find a way of doing it,' maintains Jones. The first was for the Formula 1 motor-racing team, Williams Motorsport: ‘They made the balance up in contra deals, mainly in tickets to some of the major Formula 1 meetings. ‘ The tickets are like gold dust, of course, and can be used as a pat on the back for staff, or as an opportunity to pamper existing clients or woo new ones. Diesel, the Italian clothing manufacturer, which is quietly stealing a march on its rivals in the UK jeans market, approached Real Time towards the end of the financial year, when its promotional budget was running perilously low. Real Time managed to negotiate further projects the following year for completing the initial job an e-commerce site that allows ordering of clothes over the internet – at a cut-price rate. Every job is like that. You have to be flexible to get the business,' says Jones. Indeed, he is currently negotiating a deal with the Football Association for an e-commerce web site dedicated to the UK bid for the 2006 World Cup. Real Time was responsible for the bid's logo and original web site. ‘The FA have a limited budget to spend across a range of media, so I'm talking to them about perhaps receiving a percentage of what's sold from the new site,' he explains. ‘That's really putting your money where your mouth is. ‘ Negotiation, then, is primarily about effective communication. Communicating what you want and what you have to offer, and then marrying that up with another party's requirements. A bit of imagination, flexibility and a well-considered strategy can go along way to meeting these ends. It is also worth remembering that how you put it is often as important as what you're actually saying. ‘You should always try to express things in ways the other parties find palatable, so that no one loses face,' says Grice of ACAS. ‘Packaging is half the battle. ‘

Maximazing Profit Essays

Maximazing Profit Essays Maximazing Profit Paper Maximazing Profit Paper Assignment: Maximizing Profits in Market Structures Paper XECO/212 University of Phoenix The structure of a market is defined by the number of firms in the market, the existence or otherwise of barriers to entry of new firms, and the interdependence among firms in determining pricing and output to maximize profits. This paper covers the following: the advantages and limitation of supply and demand, the characteristics of each market structure, the barriers to entry and how organizations in each market structure maximize profits. Markets are the heart and soul of a capitalist economy, and varying degrees of competition lead to different market structures, with differing implications for the outcomes of the market place. The goal of a firm is to maximize profits, to get as much for the firm as possible. In the perfect competition, each firm maximizes profits where marginal revenue (MR) equals marginal cost (MC). That is, the additional revenue from producing additional quantity equals the additional cost incurred in producing that quantity. At an output where MR is greater than MC, increasing production increases profits. If MR is less than MC, decreasing production increases profits. Therefore, MR=MC is the profit-maximization condition. In perfect completion, the price is a given for each firm, P=MR. This is because the fixed price per unit is the additional revenue the firm can expect to earn by selling additional quantity. The firm’s profit- maximization condition becomes P=MR=MC. In the long run, however, all costs are variable. All firms in a perfectly competitive market make zero economic profit in the long run, because if profit was being made, more firms would enter the market and market prices would decline until all firms made zero profit. These elements are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly,  and monopoly. Based on the differing outcomes of different market structures, economists consider some market structures more desirable, from the point of view of the society, than others. Each of these market structures describe a particular organization of a market in which ertain key characteristics differ. The characteristics are: (a) number of firms in the market, (b) control over the price of the relevant product, (c) type of the product sold in the market, (d) barriers to new firms entering the market, and (e) existence of non-price competition in the market. The number of firms in the market supplying the particular product under consideration forms an important basis for classify ing market structures. The number of firms in an industry, according to economists, determines the extent of competition in the industry. Both in perfect competition and monopolistic competition, there are large numbers of firms or suppliers. Each of these firms supplies only a small portion of the total output for the industry. In oligopoly, there are only a few (presumably more than two) suppliers of the product. When there are only two sellers of the product, the market structure is often called duopoly. Monopoly is the extreme case where there is only one seller of the product in the market. The extent to which an individual firm exercises control over the price of the product it sells is another important characteristic of a market structure. Under perfect competition, an individual firm has no control over the price of the product it sells. A firm under monopolistic competition or oligopoly has some control over the price of the product it sells. Finally, a monopoly firm is deemed to have considerable control over the price of its product. The type of products sold in the market is also a key characteristic. The extent to which products of different firms in the industry can be differentiated is also a characteristic that is used in classifying market structures. Under perfect competition, all firms in the industry sell identical products. In other words, no firm can differentiate its product from those of other firms in the industry. There is some product differentiation under monopolistic competition- the firms in the industry are assumed to produce somewhat different products. Under an oligopolistic market structure, firms may produce differentiated or identical products. Finally, in the case of a monopoly, product differentiation is not truly an issue, as there is only one firm- there are no other firms from whom it should differentiate its product. The barriers to entry need to be accounted for while classifying the characteristics of a market structure. The difficulty or ease with which new firms can enter the market for a product is also a characteristic of market structures. New firms can enter market structures classified as perfect competition or monopolistic competition relatively easily. In these cases, barriers to entry are considered low, as only a small investment may be required to enter the market. In oligopoly, barriers to entry is considered very high- huge amounts of investment, determined by the very nature of the product and the production process, are needed to enter these markets. Once again, monopoly constitutes the extreme case where the entry of new firms is blocked, usually by law. If for whatever reasons, new firms are allowed to enter a monopolistic market structure, it can no longer be termed a monopoly. Market structures also differ to the extent that firms in industry compete with each other on the basis of non-price factors, such as, differences in product characteristics and advertising. There is no non-price competition under perfect competition. Firms under monopolistic competition make considerable use of instruments of non-price competition. Oligopolistic firms also make heavy use of non-price competition. Finally, while a monopolist also utilizes instruments of non-price competition, such as advertising, these are not designed to compete with other firms, as there are no other firms in the monopolists industry. Perfect competition is an idealized version of market structure that provides a foundation for understanding how markets work in a capitalist economy. The other market structures can also be understood better when perfect competition is used as a standard of reference. Even so, perfect competition is not ordinarily well understood by the general public. For example, when business people speak of intense competition in the market for a product, they are, in all likelihood, referring to rival suppliers, about whom they have quite a bit of information. However, when economists refer to perfect competition, they are particularly referring to the impersonal nature of this market structure. The impersonality of the market organization is due to the existence of a large number of suppliers of the product- there are so many suppliers in the industry that no firm views another supplier as a competitor. Thus, the competition under perfect competition is impersonal. Perfect competition is considered desirable for society for at least two reasons. First, the price charged to individuals equals the marginal cost of production to each firm. In other words, one can say sellers charge buyers a reasonable or fair price. Second, in general, output produced under a perfectly competitive market structure is larger than other market organizations. Thus, perfect competition becomes desirable also for the amount of the product supplied to consumers as a whole. Monopoly can be considered the opposite of perfect competition. In the monopoly, there are no price takers a monopolist sets the price for the product or service to maximize profits. The profit-maximizing price and output is at the point where MC=MR. The output is less than what it is in the perfect competition. In the long run, it is possible for a monopolist to earn some economic profits, if to entry of new firms exist. The concept of monopoly arises when one firm is the sole producer and marketer of a product or service. Monopolies come in being when a single firm is the sole producer of a product that has no close substitutes. Monopolies are characterized by a single seller, no close substitutes, price maker, blocked entry and non price competition. In the oligopoly, there are few firms, pricing and output decisions are strategic; that is each firm considers the reaction of the other firms while taking any decision. An important characteristic of an oligopolistic market structure is the interdependence of firms in the industry. The interdependence, actual or perceived, arises from the small number of firms in the industry. If an oligopolistic firm changes its price or output, it has perceptible effects on the sales and profits of its competitors in the industry. Thus, an oligopolist firm always considers the reactions of its rivals in formulating its pricing or output decisions. The prices set by all firms are nearly identical, because any effort to change the price by one firm will induce other firms to follow suit. For this reason, prices, once fixed, tend to change very little in oligopoly. Firms in oligopoly can expect to make some profit in the long run. An oligopolistic industry is also typically characterized by economies of scale. Economies of scale in production imply that as the level of production rises, the cost per unit of product falls for the use of any plant. Thus, economies of scale lead to an obvious advantage for a large producer. In the monopolistic competition, there are many buyers and sellers, and there are few barriers to the entry of new firms. Each firm, however, sells differentiated products, and invests considerably in differentiating it products from the competition. The profits of each are maximized at the point where MR=MC. In the long run, however, the free entry and exit of firms means that all firms earn zero economic profit. As in the case of perfect competition, a firm under monopolistic competition decides about the quantity of the product produced on the basis of the profit maximization principle- it produces the quantity that maximizes the firms profit. Also, conditions of profit maximization remain the same- the firm stops production where marginal revenue equals marginal cost of production. But unlike perfect competition, a firm under monopolistic competition has some control over the price it charges, as the firm differentiates its products from those of others. However, this price making power of a monopolistically competitive firm is rather small, since there are a large number of other firms in the industry with somewhat similar products. REFERENCE Colander, D. C. , (2004). Economics, 5th edition. Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Burr Ridge, Il. Chapter 13. Retrieved November 23, 2009. Forgang, William G. , Einolf, Karl W. (2006). Management Economics: An Accelerated Approach. M. E. Sharpe Competition (2007). Encyclopedia of Business, 2nd Edition. Retrieved on November 23, 2009 from Encyclopedia of Business, Clo-con website: referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/Clo-Con/Competition. html

Biography of Andrea Yates, Murderer of Her Five Children

Biography of Andrea Yates, Murderer of Her Five Children Andrea Yates (born Andrea Kennedy; July 2, 1964) was suffering from extreme postpartum depression when she drowned her five children in a bathtub in 2001. She was convicted of murder at her first trial in 2002 and sentenced to life in prison, but a second trial found her not guilty by reason of insanity. A psychiatrist who testified at her first trial said Yates was â€Å"among the five sickest patients she had ever seen. Fast Facts: Andrea Yates Known For: Drowned her five children in a bathtubBorn: July 2, 1964 in Houston, TexasParents: Jutta Karin Koehler, Andrew Emmett KennedySpouse: Rusty YatesChildren: Noah, John, Paul, Luke, and Mary Early Life Andrea Kennedy was born on July 2, 1964, in Houston, Texas,  the youngest of five children of Jutta Karin Koehler, a German immigrant, and Andrew Emmett Kennedy, whose parents were born in Ireland. She graduated from Milby High School in Houston in 1982. She was the class valedictorian, captain of the swim team, and an officer in the National Honor Society. She completed a two-year pre-nursing program at the University of Houston and graduated in 1986 from the University of Texas School of Nursing in Houston. She worked as a registered nurse at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1986 until 1994. Meets Rusty Yates She and Rusty Yates, both 25, met at their apartment complex in Houston. Andrea, who was usually reserved, initiated the conversation. She hadnt dated until she turned 23, and before meeting Rusty she was recovering from a broken relationship. They eventually moved in together and spent much of their time in religious study and prayer. At their marriage on April 17, 1993, they told their guests that they planned on having as many children as nature provided. In their eight years of marriage, the Yateses had four boys and one girl. Andrea stopped jogging and swimming when she became pregnant with her second child. Friends said she had become reclusive. Her isolation appeared to increase after they decided to homeschool their five children: Noah, John, Paul, Luke, and Mary. Rusty took a job in Florida in 1996, and the family moved into a 38-foot travel trailer in Seminole, Florida. In 1997 they returned to Houston and lived in their trailer because Rusty wanted to live light. The next year, Rusty purchased a 350-square-foot renovated bus as their permanent home. At this point, they had four children, and living conditions were cramped. Michael Woroniecki Rusty purchased their bus from Michael Woroniecki, a traveling minister whose religious views influenced Rusty and Andrea. Rusty agreed with only some of Woronieckis ideas, but Andrea embraced even the most extreme. He preached that a womans role was derived from the sin of Eve and that bad mothers who are bound for hell create bad children who also go to hell. Andrea was so totally captivated by Woroniecki that Rustys and Andreas families were concerned. Suicide Attempts On June 16, 1999, Andrea called Rusty and begged him to come home. He found her shaking involuntarily and chewing on her fingers. The next day, she was hospitalized after she tried to commit suicide by taking an overdose of pills. She was transferred to the Methodist Hospital psychiatric unit and diagnosed with a major depressive disorder. The medical staff described Andrea as evasive in discussing her problems. On June 24 she was prescribed an antidepressant and released. Once home, Andrea didnt take the medication. She began to self-mutilate and refused to feed her children because she felt they were eating too much. She thought there were video cameras in the ceilings and said that the characters on television were talking to her and the children. She told Rusty about the hallucinations, yet neither of them informed Andreas psychiatrist, Dr. Eileen Starbranch, who later told the court at Yates first trial that she ranked her â€Å"among the five sickest patients she had ever seen. On July 20, Andrea put a knife to her neck and begged her husband to let her die. Risks of More Babies Andrea was again hospitalized and stayed in a catatonic state for 10 days. After being treated with injections of drugs that included Haldol, an antipsychotic, her condition improved. Rusty was optimistic about drug therapy because Andrea appeared more like she was when they met. Starbranch warned the Yateses that having another baby might bring on more psychotic behavior. Andrea was placed on outpatient care and prescribed Haldol. Andreas family urged Rusty to buy a home instead of returning Andrea to the cramped space of the bus. He purchased a nice home in a peaceful neighborhood. Once in her new home, Andreas condition improved to the point that she returned to past activities such as swimming, cooking, and some socializing. She also interacted well with her children. She expressed to Rusty that she had strong hopes for the future but still viewed her life on the bus as her failure. Mental Illness Continues In March 2000, Andrea, at Rustys urging, became pregnant and stopped taking the Haldol. On Nov. 30, 2000, Mary was born. Andrea was coping but on March 12 her father died, and her mental state regressed. She stopped talking, refused liquids, mutilated herself, and would not feed Mary. She also frantically read the Bible. At the end of March, Andrea was admitted to a different hospital. Her new psychiatrist treated her briefly with Haldol but discontinued it, saying that she did not seem psychotic. Andrea was released only to return again in May. She was released again after 10 days and in her last follow-up visit, her psychiatrist told her to think positive thoughts and to see a psychologist. Tragedy On June 20, 2001, Rusty left for work and before his mother arrived to help, Andrea began to put into action the thoughts that had consumed her for two years. She filled the tub with water and, beginning with Paul, systematically drowned the three youngest boys, then placed them on her bed and covered them. Mary was left floating in the tub. The last child alive, her firstborn, 7-year-old son Noah, asked his mother what was wrong with Mary, then turned and ran away. Andrea caught him and as he screamed, she dragged him and forced him into the tub next to Marys floating body. He fought desperately, coming up for air twice, but Andrea held him down until he was dead. Leaving Noah in the tub, she brought Mary to the bed and laid her in the arms of her brothers. Conviction During Andreas confession, she explained her actions by saying that she wasnt a good mother, the children were not developing correctly, and she needed to be punished. Her controversial 2002 trial lasted three weeks. The jury found Andrea guilty of capital murder, but rather than recommending the death penalty, they voted for life in prison. Andrea would have been eligible for parole in 2041, at the age of 77. Retrial Ordered In January 2005 a Houston appeals court granted Yates a new trial, ruling that a prosecution experts false testimony about the television program Law Order required a retrial. The expert, Dr. Park Dietz, a psychiatrist, had testified that Yates was psychotic at the time of the murders but knew right from wrong, meaning she wasnt insane under Texas definition of legal insanity.   On cross-examination, Dietz, a consultant on Law Order, a program Yates was known to watch, said the show had aired an episode regarding a woman with postpartum depression who drowned her children in the bathtub and was found insane, and it was aired shortly before the crime occurred, according to The New York Times. There was no such episode, a falsehood discovered after the jury convicted Yates. After learning about the false testimony during the sentencing hearing, the jury had rejected the death penalty and sentenced Yates to life in prison. On July 26, 2006, at the second trial, a Houston jury of six men and six women found Yates not guilty of murder by reason of insanity. She was sent to Kerrville State Hospital in Kerrville, Texas, for an indefinite stay and has consistently waived a review of her status, the only way she could be released.   Legacy The case ignited a national debate about mental illness, postpartum depression, and the legal definition of insanity in Texas. One of Yates lawyers called the verdict in the second trial a â€Å"watershed event in the treatment of mental illness.† True crime author Suzy Spencer’s  Breaking Point, which dealt with the Andrea Yates case, was initially published just after the murders and was updated in 2015. Spencer said in an interview that Yates attorneys claimed after the second trial that a public better educated about postpartum depression was one reason the new jury found her not guilty by reason of insanity. Sources Andrea Pia Yates. Murderpedia.org.New Trial for a Mother Who Drowned 5 Children. The New York Times.Where is Andrea Yates now? ABC13.com.

INSTRUCTIONAL PLANNING & DESIGN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INSTRUCTIONAL PLANNING & DESIGN - Essay Example ?ï Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã ¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸ ï Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸Ã¯ Å¸ Instructional Adequacy: The instructional adequacy component evaluates the extent to which instructional curriculum materials provide the necessary support for learning and meeting the instructional objectives. There are four areas of instructional adequacy that may be addressed: design, procedures, clarity, and efficiency. Use the table below to assess these

Anxiety disorders and how the affect peoples lives Research Paper

Anxiety disorders and how the affect peoples lives - Research Paper Example order, (1) generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), (2) obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), (3) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and (4) social anxiety disorder (SAD). The discussion will concentrate on the symptoms, causes, and effects of these anxiety disorders on people’s lives. Anxiety is the concept used to explain a common feeling individuals experience when stressed or confronted with danger or threat. When individuals experience anxiety, they normally feel troubled, discomfited, and nervous. Anxiousness can be a consequence of life experiences, such as major accident, severe illness, job loss, death of a loved one, or relationship breakdown (Oei & Browne, 2006). Feeling anxious in these circumstances is fitting and normally people experience anxiety for only a specific period of time (Stein & Gorman, 2001). Due to the fact that feelings of anxiety are very widespread, it is crucial to become aware of the difference between anxiousness fitting to a condition and the symptoms of an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders are a group of illnesses typified by relentless feelings of intolerable anxiety, and severe tension and uneasiness. Individuals are prone to be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder once their anxiety level becomes severe that it considerably affects their daily life and prevents them from doing what they want to accomplish (Mcnally, 2003). Anxiety disorders are the most widespread type of psychological disorder, and impinge on one in 20 individuals at any given time. They normally develop in early adulthood, but can begin in early life or later in life. Anxiety disorders usually become manifest unexpectedly, with no evident cause (Oei & Browne, 2006, 53). They are usually accompanied by extreme physical turmoil, such as tremors and breathlessness. Other signs can include shuddering, sweating, feelings of nausea, choking, dizziness, abdominal tension, feelings of imminent threat or feelings of losing control (Oei & Browne, 2006). This essay

Presentation and written submission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Presentation and written submission - Essay Example The global crisis was developed mainly due to the bursting of the US housing bubble, which stemmed from adverse selection of mortgages and resulted US mortgage crisis. Evidently, the global financial crisis slowed down economic activities and this situation in turn impeded the economic growth of nations around the globe. More precisely, the 2008 financial crisis has led to a dramatic increase in uncertainty in financial markets. Specifically, the resulting inability of lenders to solve the adverse selection problem makes them less willing to lend, which leads to a decline in lending, investment and aggregate economic activity. This paper will evaluate the financial market uncertainty identified by giving some real life examples. Financial market uncertainty Thoughtless provision of mortgage loans and increased speculation in the housing market significantly contributed to a series of bank collapses in the United States. The failure of credit rating agencies in properly identifying th e risk elements associated with complex securities and subsequent housing bubble also contributed to the global financial crisis. Most of the studies conducted to identify the real causes of the 2008 financial crisis reported that adverse selection in mortgages led to housing bubble and bank failures. Therefore, today banks and other financial institutions across the globe are extremely bothered about the possibility of defaults in loan repayments; and hence they are hardly willing to lend even to potential clients. Naturally, this situation leads to a decline in lending and investment. The decelerated financial transactions adversely affect circulation of money which in turn reduce economic growth rate. Decline in lending In response to this uncertain economic condition, UK banks significantly reduced lending over the last few years. As Tortman (2011) reported in the Telegraph dated Feb 28, in 2011, UK’s four leading banks limited their commercial real estate property lendin g by a combined total of ?17.2 billion. Royal Bank of Scotland and Lloyds Banking Group, Europe’s two largest commercial property lenders, trimmed their loans by a combined ?14.5 billion (ibid). As per the same report, HSBC and Barclays cut lending by a combined ?2.7 billion. These figures indicate that how UK lenders deal with property lending after the global credit crisis. According to Phil Clark, co-author of the Property Industry Alliance’s report, UK banks have been very vigilant in mitigating their loan exposure to real estate (as cited in Trotman, 2011). He added that annual real estate lending in UK would drop to ?100bn over the next few years (ibid). As Milliken (2013) reported in Reuters dated March 4, in order to boost bank lending and thereby to promote economic growth of the UK, the Bank of England and the finance ministry launched the flagship plan (Funding for Lending Scheme) June 2012. This plan was intended to offer cheap funds to banks if they booste d lending to medium sized businesses and home buyers. However, some recent reports indicate that although banks and other lending institutions have utilised almost ?14bn of the central bank funds offered, net lending indicates a reverse trend (ibid). The report says that Vince Cable, the UK Secretary of State for Business, admitted that the result was ‘very disappointing’. Financial releases indicate that borrowers repaid nearly

Indias Role in the Climate Change Summit Essay Example for Free

Indias Role in the Climate Change Summit Essay The worlds nation today adopted a package dubbed the cancun Agreements buildings blocks for a future legal treaty to address climate change amid concerns that commitments to avert acceptable level of global warming remain missing. Negotiators from 194 countries agreed on a set of decision that the un climate secretariat said would set all governments â€Å"more firmly on the path towards the low emissions future† and provide support to developing countries on their action on climate change. India played a key role at the climate change summit , proposing a new mechanism to allow international scrutiny of all countries’ including India’ s action to crub emission of greenhouse gases. The invironment minister Jairam Ramesh also signalled that India would eventually consider legally –binding crubs on emission, a shift from its long standing position. Some environmental grouos have criticised these moves by India. But climate change analysts have said India’s proposal for serutiny of the climate climate change exchange actions reflect an acceptance of the principal of transparency. ‘’ And (Rmesh’s) assertions on legaklly binding actions is an indicator that India is willing to shift from the position of doing nothing to joining the global community in fiting climate change ,†an analyst in Cancun said. ‘’This does not mean India will accept legally – bending cuts next year,’’ he said . The Cancun documents of ficially recognise emissions curbs targets set by industrialised and developing countries and once every year by the developing countries. But the target of cutting global emissions by 50 % by the year 2050- part of the draft circulated yesterday – has been replaced by text calling for ‘’ subsantial’’ reductions in blobal emissions by 2050 . The Cancun decision pledge US$30 billion in fast start finance from the industrialised countries to support climate action in developing countries. The goal is to raise this to US$ 100 billion by 2020. Thew agreements also  recognise the need of countries to work towards the keeping the rise in the aversge global temperature below 2 degree c. ‘’ Cancun has done its job ,’’ said chistiana Figueres, head of the UN climate change secretariat after the agreement was adopted today. ‘’ lt is not what is required but it is the essential foundation on which to build greater collective ambition Figueres said. But several environmental group including Indias centre for science and Environment have pointed out thst the emission reduction pledge made by all countries so far are way below the whst is required to keep the rise in the average temperature.

Vatican II :: social issues

Vatican II As I was interviewing my Grandmother, i learned just how strict and almost demanding growing up on a catholic family could be. My grandmother’s name is Margaret. She was born in 1940 and grew up in a very strong religious home. She attended a Catholic school as well as her other ten siblings. Besides going to a catholic school, her home life was also spent in strong prayers. During her late teen years, that was when the changes took place. Let’s get into detail. Vatican II was the 21st worldwide council recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, which she said became the symbol of the church's openness to the modern world. She acknowledged that the council was announced by Pope John XXIII on January 25, 1959, and held 178 meetings in the autumn of each of four successive years. The first gathering was on October 11, 1962, and the last on December 8, 1965. Of 2908 bishops and others eligible to attend, 2540 from all parts of the world participated in the opening meeting. She says that the U.S. commission of 241 members was second in size only to that of Italy. Asian and African bishops played a well-known role in the council's discussions. Only Communist nations were lightly represented, the result of government pressures. The average attendance at the meetings was 2200. Vatican II, as what Margaret has said from the above information, was a very large and important meeting in the Roman Catholic Church. Vatican II has altered the Roman Catholic Church more that any other council that took place. My grandfather, who I also interviewed, said that it has great significance as it made the church more reasonable and realistic. The Church, after the council, was much more â€Å"down-to-earth and open-mindedâ€Å" stated the two of them. One of Vatican II's changes that took place was that Mass became â€Å"vernacularâ€Å". She thought that this change was very important because it made her feel more at a personal level when mass was held seeing as though the priest was speaking her language. It made them feel more at home and increased their understanding and ability to respond. Another very major and important change that took place due to Vatican II was the relationship with the Church and the world. "The Church is a human Organization steered by the Holy Spirit and composed of the gifts and talents of its members.

How Christianity and Judaism are Alike and Different Essay

Judaism and Christianity are two of the many religions of the world. Both of these religions can be found in the Middle East. Although they are very similar, they also differ in many ways. People who believe in the Jewish religion are called Jews. Jews believe that the Messiah is yet to come. In the world there are about 13 million Jewish followers. Jews go to a synagogue to worship their ‘Messiah.’ They also read the Torah, which is their Holy Book. Abraham founded Judaism in 1700 B.C.E. Jews consider Jerusalem a holy city because of the Wailing Wall is located there, (which is the last remnant of the second temple.) Finally, Jews believe that they are the ‘Chosen People’ and that Israel is the ‘Promise Land.’ On the other hand you have Christianity, these followers are called Christians. Christians believe that Jesus was the ‘Son of God’ and the ‘Messiah.’ They also believe that Jesus suffered and died for people’s sins and then that he rose from the dead. There are over 1,000 million Christian followers all over the world! Christians believe that Jesus was crucified in Jerusalem so they consider Jerusalem to be a Holy City. They also believe in God and read about their religion in a Bible in a Church. Finally, Jesus established Christianity in 4 B.C.E. Now you’ve learned all about the differences between Judaism and Christianity but now you have to learn the similarities between the two religions. Both religions are monotheistic meaning they have one God who created the universe. Also, both consider Jerusalem a holy city in different ways. Both religions also have a sacred book that they read to discover things of their religion, although these religions have different books they still learn many similar things, and finally, both religions recognize Jesus in some way, either as a prophet or a Messiah. So, as you can see Judaism and Christianity are very similar but also very different.

Communication In The Classroom Essay

What is the difference between discussions you would have in a college class and a casual conversation with a friend? I think there are many differences between a college discussion and a casual conversation, I feel this way because when classmates get together they discuss the things that they learned in class. The difference in a casual friend conversation is the use of their language. When I was attending Colorado Technical school, we had to conduct group sessions via being on a telephone speaker, and I noticed that a during a college discussion the students spoke clean, clearly, and respectfully toward one another. When I was involved in discussions with my group we kept a positive attitude and never spoke to one another in a negative manner. I later noticed that when I spoke to a casual friend, the conversation was totally different, we used slang words and somethings we used foul language. So, with this said, there is a lot of difference in the communication in the classroom between fellow classmates and friends. My friends understand our language between ourselves, but, I wouldn’t try to communicate with people in the same manner, because both relationships are totally different and need to be handled in a separate manner at all  times. What are the three different ways you can demonstrate respect for your fellow classmates during discussions. When I read the information about the communication in the classroom, it brought back memories of when I was attended Colorado Technical College, we had a simular discussion concerning how we should demonstrate respect for my classmates. I learned from the reading and from my previous class, that it’s always good to think about what I am going to say first, before I raise my hand. My opinion is that we should show respect for our classmates, by giving them a chance to share their opinions, ask questions or  even answer questions. I also think raising your hand shows respect to the professor, but, in our case, we attend class online. I feel showing respect while in class can consist of such paying attention and making eye contact to a person who is speaking. I’ve noticed in my pass experiences, doing this shows the person that they have your full attention. Last, I feel that a way to demonstrate respect is to always address people with their names. Or, by their nicknames if they are okay with being addressed in that manner. It’s also respectful to address the professors, the University staff in a proper manner as well.